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HPV Fueling a Rise in Throat Cancer

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man holding throat.

Throat cancer has long been linked to smoking and heavy alcohol use, but a new leading cause is changing the conversation—human papillomavirus (HPV). It’s estimated that HPV causes approximately 70% of all throat cancers in the U.S. and those rates are expected to increase in the future. As April marks Head and Neck Cancer Awareness Month, it's crucial to understand how this common virus is fueling a rise in throat cancer cases and what can be done to prevent it.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms

"HPV-related throat cancer often presents with a subtle or even asymptomatic onset," said Patrick Morgan, MD, assistant professor of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery at Macon & Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences EVMS Medical Group at Old Dominion University. "One of the most common early signs is a lump in the neck, which may be painless. Patients may also experience trouble swallowing, persistent sore throat or changes in their voice."

Dr. Morgan adds that some individuals may not notice any symptoms until the cancer is more advanced, making early detection challenging.

Who Is Most at Risk?

Men between the ages of 40 and 60 are at the highest risk of developing HPV-related throat cancer. The primary mode of transmission is through intimate skin-to-skin contact, including oral sex. Unlike many other head and neck cancers, HPV-related throat cancer is not strongly associated with tobacco or heavy alcohol use.

"There has been a notable epidemiologic shift away from tobacco-related head and neck cancers toward virally mediated malignancies, especially in high-income countries," explained Dr. Morgan. "People with a history of multiple sex partners are at higher risk, as HPV spreads through intimate contact."

Advances in Treatment

Treatment options for HPV-related throat cancer depend on the tumor’s size, location and whether it has spread. Common approaches include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

"Fortunately, many patients with HPV-related throat cancer respond very well to treatment, and survival rates are often higher than for other types of head and neck cancer," Dr. Morgan noted. "Because HPV-positive tumors tend to be more responsive to radiation and chemotherapy, we are exploring de-intensification strategies in clinical trials to reduce treatment-related side effects while maintaining high cure rates."

Prevention and Risk Reduction

The most effective way to prevent HPV-related throat cancer is through vaccination.

"It’s recommended for preteens but is also approved for adults up to age 45,” advised Dr. Morgan. “Practicing safe sex, including limiting the number of partners and using protection, can also help reduce your risk."

Staying Proactive About Health

Regular health checkups, including dental and medical screenings, play an important role in early detection. Although HPV is incredibly common, most people who contract the virus do not develop cancer, as their immune systems clear the infection naturally. The key to reducing risk lies in prevention, education and early intervention.

If you are concerned about symptoms of HPV-related throat cancer, make an appointment with EVMS Medical Group Ear, Nose & Throat Surgeons at ODU online or call 757-388-6200. To learn more about HPV vaccinations, consult your primary care physician.